Relação entre desmame precoce e alergias alimentares / Relationship between early weaning and food allergies / Relación entre el destete precoz y las alergias alimentarias

Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre o desmame precoce e o desenvolvimento de alergias alimentares por meio de uma revisão integrativa. Método:Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada através das bases de dados Pubmed, Mesh e Scielo.Resultados:Através da busca pelos descritores determinados, foram selecionados 25 estudos científicos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Devido sua grande composição, o leite humano é responsável pela promoção do crescimento das bactérias com efeito bifidogênico, estando em quantidades superiores nos lactentes em AME. Conclusão: Apesar de alguns dos estudos não mostrarem resultados significativos em relação ao leite materno ser um fator protetor contra as alergias alimentares, nenhum deles deixoude incentivar o AM ou mostrar os seus benefícios já cientificamente comprovados.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between early weaning and the development of food allergies through an integrative review. Method: Integrative literature review performed through the Pubmed, Mesh and Scielo databases. Results: Through the search for the descriptors determined, 25 scientific studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Due to its large composition, human milk is responsible for promoting the growth of bacteria with bifidogenic effect, being in higher amounts in infants in EBF. Conclusion: Although some of the studies did not show significant results regarding breast milk being a protective factor against food allergies, none of them failed to encourage BF or show its scientifically proven benefits.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el destete precoz y el desarrollo de alergias alimentarias a través de una revisión integradora. Metodo:Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada a través de las bases de datos Pubmed, Mesh y Scielo. Resultados: A través de la búsqueda de los descriptores determinados, se seleccionaron 25 estudios científicos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Debido a su gran composición, la leche humana es responsable de promover el crecimiento de bacterias con efecto bifidogénico, estando en mayores cantidades en bebés en LME. Conclusión:Aunque algunos de los estudios no mostraron resultados significativos con respecto a que la leche materna sea un factor protector contra las alergias alimentarias, ninguno de ellos falló en fomentar la BF o mostrar sus beneficios científicamente probados.

Maternal obesity and its repercussions on melatonin and cortisol in breast milk and human colostrum

Introduction: scientific evidence has highlighted the role of chronobiological disruptions in promoting obesity through mechanisms involving important circadian rhythm hormones: melatonin and cortisol. These hormones are present in human colostrum and serve as crucial maternal and child protection mechanisms against obesity and childhood infections, owing to the intense interaction between mother and child during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Consequently, the melatonin and cortisol hormones present in human colostrum hold promise as potential candidates for yielding clinically applicable results and supporting future intervention strategies aimed at reducing obesity and neonatal infections. However, there is a scarcity of literature on this subject. Objective: the objective of this study is to to analyze the impact of maternal obesity on the levels and functions of melatonin and cortisol in colostrum and breast milk. Methods: a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted following the recommendations outlined in the PRISMA protocol. Original articles published in English were searched in the PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, and Scopus databases. There were no restrictions on the publication year. Results: a total of 37 articles were identified from the searched databases. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only five studies were relevant to the topic: two studies addressing melatonin and three studies analyzing cortisol. This review revealed that melatonin levels are elevated in the colostrum of obese women, and for this particular group, it has the potential to restore phagocyte activity and increase lymphocyte proliferation. Studies on cortisol have demonstrated that maternal obesity does not alter the levels of this hormone in breast milk. Conclusion: breastfeeding should be encouraged for all populations, and further original research should be conducted to elucidate the protective mechanisms of colostrum and breast milk.

Introdução: evidências científicas enfatizam que disrupções cronobiológicas podem promover a obesidade por mecanismos envolvendo ação de importantes hormônios marcadores do ritmo circadiano: a melatonina e cortisol. Estes hormônios estão presentes no colostro humano e representam importante mecanismo de proteção materno infantil frente à obesidade e infecções infantis, devido à intensa interação entre mãe e filho durante a gravidez e amamentação. Assim, os hormônios melatonina e cortisol presentes no colostro humano representam promissores candidatos para fornecer resultados com capacidade de aplicação clínica e de embasamento de futuras estratégias de intervenção com enfoque na redução da obesidade e de infecções neonatais. Entretanto, são escassos os estudos na literatura sobre o tema. Objetivo: analisar as repercussões da obesidade materna sobre os níveis e as ações da melatonina e do cortisol no colostro e leite materno. Método: foi realizada uma revisão sistematizada da literatura científica seguindo as recomendações do protocolo Prisma. Foram pesquisados artigos originais, publicados em inglês, nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, Lilacs e Scopus. Não houve restrição quanto ao ano de publicação. Resultados: foram identificados 37 artigos nas bases de dados pesquisados, 15 artigos foram excluídos por estarem duplicados, após aplicação do critério de inclusão e exclusão apenas 5 estudos tiveram relação ao tema, sendo 2 estudos abordando sobre melatonina e 3 pesquisas que analisaram o cortisol. Esta revisão mostrou que a melatonina está elevada em colostro de obesas e para este grupo ela possui potencial de restaurar atividade de fagócitos e de elevar a proliferação de linfócitos. Os estudos sobre o cortisol ilustraram que os níveis deste hormônio no leite materno não foram alterados pela obesidade materna. Conclusão: o aleitamento materno deve ser encorajado para todos os públicos, assim como mais pesquisas originais devem ser desenvolvidas para descrever os mecanismos protetores do colostro e leite materno

Conocimientos de madres y padres sobre lactancia materna exclusiva / Knowledge level of parents on exclusive breast feeding i:en

Introducción: La leche materna es considerada la vacuna perfecta de todos los tiempos y la mejor fuente de nutrición para los niños. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos de madres y padres sobre lactancia materna exclusiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 27 madres y 27 padres de lactantes con destete precoz, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente Camilo Torres Restrepo de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2021, para lo cual el instrumento empleado fue la encuesta. Resultados: Se halló que los conocimientos sobre lactancia materna fueron considerados altos en 13 madres (48,1 %) y medios en 11 padres (40,7 %). Todos los integrantes de la serie recibieron información sobre el tema y las vías fundamentales para ello fueron los medios de difusión masiva (85,0 %), seguidos de los familiares y amigos (55,0 %). Conclusiones: El conocimiento acerca de la lactancia materna exclusiva en los padres resultó insuficiente y, en las madres, fue necesario ampliar dichos conocimientos sobre las técnicas para amamantar.

Introduction: Breast milk is considered the perfect vaccine of all times and the best nutrition source for children. Objective: To determine the knowledge level of mothers and fathers on exclusive breast feeding. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out of 27 mothers and 27 fathers of early weaning infants. They were from the health area of Camilo Torres Restrepo Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from January to December, 2021, for which the survey was used. Results: It was found that knowledge on breast feeding was considered high in 13 mothers (48.1 %) and medium in 11 fathers (40.7 %). All members of the series received information on the topic and the fundamental ways were mass media (85.0 %), followed by relatives and friends (55.0 %). Conclusions: The knowledge about exclusive breast feeding in fathers was insufficient and, in mothers, it was necessary to increase this knowledge on the techniques to breastfeed.

Evaluación del valor de acidez Dornic de la leche humana según el tiempo de conservación en freezer y el lugar de extracción / Assessment of Dornic acidity in breast milk based on storage time in the freezer and place of expression

Introducción. El grado de acidez Dornic (AD), medida indirecta del grado de contaminación de la leche humana cruda (LHC), proporciona información sobre la calidad de esta. Recién extraída, el valor oscila entre 1,0° y 4,0° (óptimo). Descalifica el consumo si es >8,0 °D. Se evaluó la correlación de la AD de la LHC de donantes internas (DI) y externas (DE) según el tiempo de conservación hasta la pasteurización, y se determinó la prevalencia de AD ≤4 ºD. Población y método. Estudio retrospectivo analítico. Resultados. Sobre 13 203 muestras, la AD a partir del día 14 de conservación fue menor en las donantes internas, de 2,92; (IC95% 2,69-3,15) versus 4,01 (IC95%: 3,94-4,08); p <0,001] con mayor proporción de AD ≤4 ºD (88 % en DI versus 76 % en DE); OR: 2,30 (IC95%: 1,25-4,24); p = 0,003. Coeficiente de correlación para las DI: R 2 :0; p = 1). Conclusión. La AD a partir del día 14 fue menor en DI, presentando mayor prevalencia de AD ≤ 4ºD. No existió correlación entre el tiempo de conservación y la AD en las DI.

Introduction. The degree of Dornic acidity (DA) is an indirect measure of milk contamination and quality. In freshly expressed milk, DA ranges between 1.0 and 4.0 (optimal). If DA is > 8.0 °D, it should be discarded. The correlation between DA in raw breast milk from internal donors (ID) and external donors (ED) based on storage time until pasteurization was assessed. Population and method. Retrospective, analytical study. Results. In 13 203 samples, DA was lower in IDs as of 14 days of storage: 2.92 (95% CI: 2.69­3.15) versus 4.01 (95% CI: 3.94­4.08), with a higher proportion of DA ≤ 4 °D (88% in IDs versus 76% in EDs); odds ratio: 2.30 (95% CI: 1.25­4.24). Conclusion. DA as of 14 days of storage was lower in IDs, with a higher prevalence of DA ≤ 4 °D. No correlation was observed between storage time and DA in ID samples.

A Conceptual Recapture of Stanya Kshaya and Role of Stanya-Janan Mahakashaya in its Management

Breast milk is the prime source of nourishment and immunity of the baby. Stanya Kshaya, which appears to be a fairly simple ailment but is really problematic for children's health, is one of the problems of present era. Lactation insufficiency is 30–40% prevalent in Asian and tropical nations like India. In Ayurveda certain herbs are specifically indicated for increasing breast milk and Acharya Charaka has described Stanya-janana Mahakashaya for it. Few explorations have been conducted regarding above, but no one has covered all aspects comprehensively thus this paper aim to collect and comprehensive review information available regarding concept of Stanya, its Kshaya and role of Stanya-janana Mahakashaya in its management. Methodology: This review is in a narrative format and done from literature and publications relevant to Stanya Kshaya and role of Stanya-janana Mahakashaya. Results: Stanya has been described in detail along with opinion of various Acharyas, Stanya sampata and the reasons for Stanyakshya mentioned then finally role of Stanya-janana Mahakashaya of Acharya Charaka which includes 10 herbs as- Veerana, Shali, Shasthik, Ekshuvalika, Darbha, Kusha, Kaasha, Gundra, Ithkata, Katruna. Drugs in this Kashaya help in increasing quantity of milk. Discussion: Stanya-janana Mahakashaya has active principles which increase quantity of milk, so can be used in Stanya Kshaya and leads to healthy Stanya.

Advances in breast milk-derived probiotics / 国际儿科学杂志

Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants, and the microbial communities contained in breast milk can regulate the colonization of bacteria in the intestines of newborns and enhance their immunity.As microbial culture, isolation and identification techniques continue to evolve, more and more breast-milk-derived probiotics are being discovered.Common probiotics in breast milk include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Philococcus, Streptococcus thermophilus, etc.A large number of studies have proved that breast milk-derived probiotics have a certain role in the treatment of infantile colic, functional constipation, diabetes, mastitis and other diseases, and the natural source of breast milk probiotics, adapted to the milk matrix and other characteristics make it stand out from a group of probiotics.The discovery of probiotics isolated from breast milk and the exploration of their probiotic functions can not only provide an experimental basis for the addition of breast milk-derived probiotics to infant formula, but also provide new prospects for the treatment of various diseases.

Progress of breast milk oligosaccharides / 国际儿科学杂志

Human breast milk oligosaccharides are a kind of complex carbohydrates widely existing in human breast milk, which is the third major nutrient in human breast milk and is closely related to the growth and development of infants and some diseases.More than 200 different functional oligosaccharides have been identified for their role in regulating intestinal flora, regulating immunity and promoting brain development.This article reviews the structural composition, biological function, application and development trend of breast milk oligosaccharides, to provide reference for the application of oligosaccharides in functional food.

Research progress on the correlation between breastfeeding and occurrence of breast cancer / 公共卫生与预防医学

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system with a high incidence rate and is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in women. Modern research believes that pregnancy, breastfeeding, and other reproductive behaviors can cause the changes in the levels of female estrogen and progesterone and related receptors, and affect the morphology and function of breast tissue, which are associated with the occurrence of breast cancer. This paper aims to summarize the impact of breastfeeding on the occurrence of breast cancer and analyze their correlation to increase the maternal breastfeeding rate, reduce the occurrence of breast cancer, and lower the risk of breast cancer in women.

Effect of breastfeeding on immune function in infants with human cytomegalovirus infection / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the effect of breastfeeding on immune function in infants with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 135 infants with HCMV infection who were admitted to Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2021 to May 2022, and all these infants received breastfeeding. According to the results of breast milk HCMV-DNA testing, the infants were divided into two groups: breast milk HCMV positive (n=78) and breast milk HCMV negative (n=57). According to the median breast milk HCMV-DNA load, the infants in the breast milk HCMV positive group were further divided into two subgroups: high viral load and low viral load (n=39 each). Related indicators were compared between the breast milk positive and negative HCMV groups and between the breast milk high viral load and low viral load subgroups, including the percentages of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells), CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IgG, IgM, IgA, and urine HCMV-DNA load.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in the percentages of CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IgG, IgM, IgA, and urine HCMV-DNA load between the breast milk HCMV positive and HCMV negative groups, as well as between the breast milk high viral load and low viral load subgroups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Breastfeeding with HCMV does not affect the immune function of infants with HCMV infection.

Violations in the marketing of milks and complementary foods that compete with breastfeeding in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil / Infrações na comercialização de leites e alimentos de transição que competem com o aleitamento materno na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze if milk and complementary foods are being sold under the Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddler's Food, Teats, Pacifiers and Baby Bottles (NBCAL), Law 11265/2006 of breastfeeding protection. Methods: Epidemiological survey that analyzed the marketing practices of pharmacies, supermarkets, and department stores in the Southern region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by direct observation. Results: Among the 349 stores in Rio de Janeiro's South Region, 339 traded milk and complementary foods and, among them, 60.8% were not complying with NBCAL. Infractions to NBCAL were more common for the selling of milk (58.6%) than complementary foods (22.8%). The most recurrent promotion strategy infringing NBCAL was discount pricing without the Ministry of Health disclaimer. Conclusions: Most retail stores infringe NBCAL in the commercialization of milk and complementary foods in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a violation of the right to information that may impact mothers' choice regarding their child's feeding.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar se leites e alimentos de transição estão sendo comercializados de acordo com a Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Mamadeiras, Bicos e Chupetas (NBCAL), Lei n. 11.265/2006, de proteção ao aleitamento materno. Métodos: Inquérito epidemiológico que analisou as práticas de promoção comercial de leites e alimentos de transição em um censo de farmácias, supermercados e lojas de departamento da Zona Sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, por meio de observação direta. Resultados: Dos 349 estabelecimentos da Zona Sul, 339 comercializavam leites e alimentos de transição e, destes, 60,8% faziam promoção comercial em desacordo com a NBCAL. Mais da metade dos estabelecimentos (58,6%) tinha leites e 22,8%, alimentos de transição vendidos em inconformidade com a NBCAL. A estratégia de promoção comercial mais praticada foi o desconto no preço sem a frase informativa preconizada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Conclusões: A maior parte dos estabelecimentos comerciais infringe a NBCAL na comercialização de leites e alimentos de transição, configurando uma violação ao direito à informação que pode impactar na escolha das mães quanto à alimentação de seus filhos.

A Study Comparing the Efficacy of Different Non-pharmacological Methods to Reduce Pain in Neonates Admitted in A Tertiary Care Hospital

Aim : To compare the efficacy of different non-pharmacological methods for reducing pain in Neonates. Methodology : During the study period of one year from July, 2019 to July, 2020, a total of 70 infants were consecutively recruited and divided into two groups. One group received 2ml of EBM and other group 2ml of 25% D is administered which was given 1 minute before Venepuncture. The outcome variables are the duration of cry after Venepuncture & NIPS score for both group. Result : The duration of cry was found to be higher in the group receiving EBM. The neonates in 25%D groups had lower Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) score than EBM group (chi-sqr-10.34 & p-0.0057). Conclusion : In our study we found 25% Dextrose to be a better non-pharmacological Analgesic as compared to EBM during painful procedure in newborn.

Handling, Storage and Use of Expressed Breastmilk among Working Mothers of Infants in Anantnag, Kashmir

Rising number of mothers are expressing their breastmilk to feed their infants when away from them, which presents new issues for infant feeding. Having sound knowledge regarding expression, storage and use of breast milk is fi rst step towards promoting practice of expressed breast milk, which in turn promotes exclusive breastfeeding. Primary concern in this is handling, storage, and warming of expressed breastmilk. So all breastfeeding mothers should be motivated to learn different techniques of expression, storage and use of expressed breastmilk. The settings chosen for present study were 18 villages of Dachnipora block of district Anantnag (J&K) with a sample size of 50 mothers of infants. This setting was selected as per feasibility & availability of study subjects. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The study revealed that 46 percent of subjects had inadequate knowledge level, 54 percent had moderate knowledge level' and none of subjects had adequate knowledge level regarding expression, storage and use of expressed breast milk. A signifi cant association of knowledge level of mothers of infants was found with demographic variables, parity and previous experience with expression and storage at p'le;0.05 level and no association was found with variables like age, educational status, nature of job and monthly family income. To conclude, mothers of infants had insignifi cant level of knowledge about expression, handling, storage and use of expressed breast milk. If they are provided and supported with adequate and appropriate information from the beginning of their motherhood, they will make exclusive breastfeeding a success.

Recién nacidos hijos de madres adictas. Formas de presentación: no todo se trata de síndrome de abstinencia

RESUMEN El consumo de drogas ilegales por la mujer gestante puede ocasionar morbilidades potencialmente graves en el feto y recién nacido. Las manifestaciones en el niño pueden ser diversas, por lo que es necesario un alto índice de sospecha a fin de realizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento apropiados. Se presentan tres casos de recién nacidos, hijos de madres adictas, con variadas expresiones clínicas.

ABSTRACT Illegal drug consumption by pregnant women can cause potentially serious morbidities in the fetus and newborn. Manifestations in children can be diverse, so a high index of suspicion is necessary in order to appropriately diagnose and treat this condition. Three cases of newborns, born to mothers with substance-abuse disorder, with various clinical presentations are reviewed.

Health of the Newborn and Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review / Saúde do recém-nascido e amamentação durante a pandemia de COVID-19: Uma revisão da literatura

Abstract Objective The present article presents a literature review concerning the microbiota of breast milk and the influence of epigenetics in the susceptibility to COVID-19. Methods A literature review. Results Breastfeeding transfers microbiota, nutrients, diverse white blood cells, prebiotics, hormones, and antibodies to the baby, which provide short- and longterm immunological protection against several infectious, gastrointestinal, and respiratory illnesses. The little evidence available shows that breast milk very rarely carries the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and even in those cases, it has been discarded as the source of contagion. Conclusion The reviewed studies show evidence of a beneficial effect of breastfeeding and highlights its importance on the current pandemic due to the immune reinforcement that it provides. Breastfed individuals showed better clinical response due to the influence on the microbiota and to the nutritional and immune contribution provided by breast milk, compared with those who were not breastfed.

Resumo Objetivo O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão de literatura sobre amicrobiota do leite materno e a influência da epigenética na suscetibilidade à COVID-19. Métodos Revisão de literatura. Resultados A amamentação transfere microbiota, nutrientes, diversos glóbulos brancos, prebióticos, hormônios e anticorpos para o bebê, os quais proporcionam proteção imunológica de curto e longo prazo contra diversas doenças infecciosas, gastrointestinais e respiratórias. As poucas evidências disponíveis mostram que o leite materno transportamuito raramente o vírus SARS-CoV-2, emesmo nestes casos, ele foi descartado como fonte de contágio. Conclusão Os estudos revisados mostram evidências de um efeito benéfico da amamentação e destacam sua importância na atual pandemia devido ao reforço imunológico que ela proporciona. Os indivíduos amamentados mostraram melhor resposta clínica devido à influência sobre a microbiota, e à contribuição nutricional e imunológica proporcionada pelo leite materno, em comparação com aqueles que não o foram.

Research progress on human breast milk stem cells in neonatology / 中国小儿急救医学

As a new group of stem cells found in the human breast in the 21st century, stem cells in human breast milk have the potential to differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm cells.It is not only rich in sources, but also can be obtained in a non-invasive way.At present, there are relatively few ethical disputes.First, as a potential source of stem cells, it has a great prospect in the field of alternative medicine and regenerative medicine.Second, it can promote newborns early growth and development, repair the damaged tissues, and prevent as well as treat some early diseases.This review summarized stem cells from human breast milk, from aspects of distribution, acquisition, and functional characteristics, and discussed their application in newborns.

Analysis and prospects of a new component circular RNA in breast milk / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Breast milk contains a variety of bioactive components, which play a vital role in disease prevention and treatment.Among them, circular RNA(circRNA), which is a closed ring structure formed by covalent bonds, has aroused interest because of its conservation and stability.Pediatric researchers should attach importance to studies on circRNA in breast milk, as they may bring new inspiration for breast milk functions.In this article, characteristics and functions of circRNA in breast milk will be investigated, and its research and prospects will be discussed.

Progress of breast milk lipids in the prevention and treatment of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis / 国际儿科学杂志

Necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC)is a common intestinal inflammatory disease in neonates, especially in premature infants, and still lack effective prevention and treatment methods.It has been reported that breast milk can effectively reduce the incidence of NEC.As an important component of breast milk, lipids provide key fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids, and have the functions of maintaining intestinal function, promoting neurodevelopment and regulating immunity.Lipids are more abundant in premature breast milk.Therefore, its role in the prevention and treatment of common complications of premature infants, such as NEC, has been gradually paid attention to.This article reviews the progress of breast milk lipids in the prevention and treatment of neonatal NEC.

Maternal vaccination as an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling: Anti-infective properties of breast milk

Abstract Human milk constitutes a secretion with unique functions of both nourishing the nursling and providing protection against enteric and respiratory infections, mainly due to its content of secretory IgA antibodies but also due to the presence of a plethora of bioactive factors. Specific IgA antibodies are produced locally by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes that migrate from other mucosae to the mammary gland during lactation, particularly from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Therefore, here, the authors will provide a comprehensive review of the content and functions of different nutritional and bioactive anti-infectious components from breast milk, such as oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, haptocorrin, α-lactalbumin, k-casein, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, mucin, fatty acids, defensins, cytokines and chemokines, hormones and growth factors, complement proteins, leukocytes and nucleic acids, including microRNAs, among many others, and the induction of antibody responses in breast milk after maternal vaccination with several licensed vaccines, including the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine preparations used worldwide. Currently, in the midst of the pandemic, maternal vaccination has re-emerged as a crucial source of passive immunity to the neonate through the placenta and breastfeeding, considering that maternal vaccination can induce specific antibodies if performed during pregnancy and after delivery. There have been some reports in the literature about milk IgA antibodies induced by bacterial antigens or inactivated virus vaccines, such as anti-diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, anti-influenza viruses, anti-pneumococcal and meningococcal polysaccharide preparations. Regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, most studies demonstrate elevated levels of specific IgA and IgG antibodies in milk with virus-neutralizing ability after maternal vaccination, which represents an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling during the entire breastfeeding period.

Harassment of health professionals by the infant food industry at scientific events / Assédio da indústria de alimentos infantis a profissionais de saúde em eventos científicos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the receipt of sponsorships from breast-milk substitute companies by health professionals in scientific events. METHODS Multicenter study (Multi-NBCAL) performed from November 2018 to November 2019 in six cities in different Brazilian regions. In 26 public and private hospitals, pediatricians, nutritionists, speech therapists, and a hospital manager were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were carried out regarding the health professionals' knowledge about the Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeiras (NBCAL - Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food and Childcare-related Products), companies sponsoring scientific events, and material or financial sponsorships received, according to profession. RESULTS We interviewed 217 health professionals, mainly pediatricians (48.8%). Slightly more than half of the professionals (54.4%) knew NBCAL, most from Baby-friendly Hospitals. Most health professionals (85.7%) attended scientific events in the last two years, more than half of them (54.3%) sponsored by breast-milk substitute companies, especially Nestlé (85.1%) and Danone (65.3%). These professionals received sponsorships in the events, such as office supplies (49.5%), meals or invitations to parties (29.9%), promotional gifts (21.6%), payment of the conference registration fee (6.2%) or ticket to the conference (2.1%). CONCLUSION The infant food industries violate NBCAL by harassing health professionals in scientific conferences, offering diverse material and financial sponsorships.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o recebimento de patrocínios da indústria de substitutos do leite materno por profissionais de saúde em eventos científicos. MÉTODOS Inquérito multicêntrico (Multi-NBCAL) conduzido entre novembro de 2018 e novembro de 2019 em seis cidades de diferentes regiões brasileiras. Em 26 hospitais públicos e privados foram entrevistados pediatras, nutricionistas, fonoaudiólogos e um membro da chefia, mediante questionário estruturado. Foram realizadas análises descritivas do conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre a Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeiras (NBCAL), das empresas patrocinadoras de eventos científicos e dos patrocínios financeiros ou materiais recebidos, conforme a categoria profissional. RESULTADOS Foram entrevistados 217 profissionais de saúde, principalmente pediatras (48,8%). Pouco mais da metade dos profissionais (54,4%) afirmaram conhecer a NBCAL, principalmente em Hospitais Amigos da Criança. A maior parte (85,7%) dos profissionais de saúde havia participado de congressos científicos nos últimos dois anos, mais da metade, 54,3%, deles apoiados pela indústria de substitutos do leite materno, em especial pela Nestlé (85,1%) e Danone (65,3%). Patrocínios foram recebidos por esses profissionais nos eventos, como materiais de escritório (49,5%), refeições ou convites para festas (29,9%), brindes (21,6%), pagamento de inscrição (6,2%) ou de passagem para o congresso (2,1%). CONCLUSÃO As indústrias de alimentos infantis infringem a NBCAL ao assediar profissionais de saúde em congressos científicos, oferecendo patrocínios materiais e financeiros diversos.

Investigation of the effect of breast milk, probiotic supplemented and plain milk formulas on some oral bacteria in infants: an observational and in-vitro study / Investigação do efeito do leite materno, fórmulas de leite puro e suplementado com probióticos sobre algumas bactérias orais em lactentes: um estudo observacional e in vitro

Objetivo: existem evidências inconclusivas sobre a potencial carogenicidade das fórmulas lácteas em comparação com o leite materno. O estudo teve como objetivo comparar a detecção e contagem de Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) e lactobacilos da saliva entre lactentes alimentados com leite materno (B), com fórmulas de leite puro (France Lait-FL) e suplementada com probióticos (Nan 1 optipro-N), e avaliar crescimento in vitro dessas bactérias em amostras de leite materno e fórmulas lácteas. Material e Métodos: amostras salivares foram obtidas com swabs de algodão estéreis de 60 lactentes que foram agrupados de acordo com o tipo de leite. As amostras foram cultivadas para obter a frequência de detecção e contagens bacterianas. Para a investigação in vitro, sete amostras de leite materno doado e sete amostras recém-preparadas de ambas as fórmulas lácteas foram inoculadas por ambas as bactérias e então cultivadas para avaliar o crescimento bacteriano. Resultados:lactobacilos foram detectados em todos os lactentes, enquanto não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na detecção de S. mutans entre os grupos. As contagens de ambos os microrganismos na saliva foram menores em (B), enquanto uma diferença insignificante foi encontrada entre (B) e (N). Diferenças significativas foram evidentes nas contagens bacterianas in vitro sendo mais baixas em (B) seguido por (N) e (FL). Conclusão: o leite materno e as fórmulas lácteas com suplementos probióticos podem ter um papel protetor contra a cárie dentária em lactentes. (AU)

Objective: inconclusive evidence exists regarding potential cariogenicity of milk formulas compared to breast milk. The study aimed to compare Salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and lactobacilli detection and counts among breastfed (B), plain formula (France Lait 1) (FL) and probiotic supplemented formula (Nan 1 optipro) (N) infants and to assess in-vitro growth of these bacteria in breast milk and milk formula samples. Material and Methods:salivary samples were obtained using sterile cotton swabs from 60 infants that were grouped according to nursing milk type. Samples were cultured to obtain the detection frequency and bacterial counts. For the in-vitro investigation, seven donated breast milk samples and seven freshly prepared samples of both milk formulas were inoculated by both bacteria and then cultured to assess bacterial growth. Results:lactobacilli were detected in all infants, while no significant differences were found in S. mutans detection among groups. Counts of both microorganisms in saliva were lowest in (B) while, insignificant difference was found between (B) and (N). Significant differences were evident in in-vitro bacterial counts being lowest in (B) followed by (N) and (FL). Conclusion: breast milk and probiotic supplement infants' milk formulas may have a protective role against dental caries in infants.(AU)